ࡱ > t v q r s q` bjbjqPqP 4| : : sP % a D D D D | | | 8 X ^ 2 " 8 8 8 + + + $ h E + W + + + D D 8 8
+ D 8 8 + h 6 A 8 wɋց | ş m ѳ
. 0 ^ } | O b | A | A + + + + + + + ^ + + + ^ + + + + DC XK $= XK D D D D D D . . 0@81O= ( #- (-)
!>F8>- :C;LBC@=K5 D0:B>@K 040?B0F88 0@<O=A:8E 2 2 >A:25
83@0F88 2 ?5@5E>4=>1I5AB25
52O=>ABK5 3>4K X X 25:0 >7=020;8AL 7=0G8B5;L=>9 B@0=AD>@1I5AB20 =0 ?>ABA>25BA:>AB@0=AB25, 8 ?>A;54AB28O, : :>B>@K4OB 48= 87 D0:B>@>2, 7=0G8B5;L=> >A;>6=ONI8E A>F8>:C;LBC@=CN A8BC0F8N 2 >1I5AB25.
>;8:C;LBC@=>ABL A>2@53> >1I5AB20 >B=N4L =5 =>20O @50;L=>ABL. ?@545;0E 548=>3> A>F80;L=>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 ?@>6820NB @07;8G=K5 :C;LBC@=K5 8 MB=8G5A:85 3@C??K, GB> =587156=> 0:BC0;878@C5B ?@>1;5445@60=8O 30@=8G=KE B=>H5=89.
!>F8>:C;LBC@=0O A8BC0F8O, A;>682H0OAO 2 A>2@59 >AA88 =5 A04E>4OI89 :>=B5:AB 4;O >1AC645=8O ?5@A?5:B82 D>@20=8O 3> >1I5AB20. 5 O2;ONBAO ;8 ?@>4C:B>?8G5A:>9 ?KB:8 >1=0@C68BL 2 @>AA89A:8E @50;8OE, 345, ?> <=5=8N 38E 8AA;54>20B5;59, 40 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E 45OB5;59, =0AL A:>@55 42865=85 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C, 2 AB>@>=C B@048F8>==>3> =0F8>=0;L=>3> 3>AC40@AB20, ?>=OB>3> 2 B5@:C;LBC@=>3> 548=AB20 ( 0;0E>2, 2 0 0 2 ) , ?@87=0:8 70@>640NI53>AO <C;LB8:C;LBC@0;872K ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 <5E0=87445@60=8O =081>;55 ?>78B82=KE <56:C;LBC@=KE 2708459AB289? 0: A;>60BAO 2708>B=>H5=8O <564C ?@54AB028B5;O=AB@C8@>20BL MB> 2708459AB285, 401K =5 2K720BL @>AB A>F80;L=>9 =0?@O6Q==>AB8, G@520BK9 A0<K<8 =5?@54A:07C5<KA;54AB28O<8, G5<C A2845B5;O?0 2 =5 AB>;L >B40;Q==>H;><? 0:85 AB@0B5388 0::C;LBC@0F88 2 6=> =0720BL =081>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=KF8>:C;LBC@=K5 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 D0:B>@K >15A?5G820NB =081>;55 CA?5H=CN 040?B0F8N 2?
?>?KB:0E =09B8 >B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A 2@O4 ;8 AB>8B 87>1@5B0BL 25;>A8?54, >1H8@=K9 >?KB 8<==KE AB@0= , @57C;LB0BK =0CG=KE 87KA:0=89 C1548B5;L=> 4>:07K20NB ?@58<CI5AB20 A0;0B=8FK 2 A@02=5=88 A ?;028;L=KB;>< .
8=B53@0F8O, 2K@060NI0OAO 2 A>E@0=5=88 A>1AB25==>9 :C;LBC@=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 ( A CB@0B>9 =5040?B82=KE M;52) , 8 2 >2;045=88 :C;LBC@>9 4> MB=>A0, :>340 G;5=K MB=8G5A:8E 3@C?? ?>;=>ABLN A?@02;ONBAO A B@C4=>ABO3> >1@070 687=8, 4@C3>9 :0@B8=K ;>68B5;L=K5 AB>@>=K A2>53> 18:C;LBC@0;87;55 ?>78B82=K9 A?>A>1 3> 2708459AB28O, 8 548=AB25==0O D>@9 AB@0B5388 0::C;LBC@0F88 8=>MB=8G5A:8E 3@C??.
::C;LBC@0F8O 2 2 ?>;8:C;LBC@=>1I5AB25
@8 0=0;875 0::C;LBC@0F88, :>B>@CN . 54D8;4, . 8=B>= 8 %5@A:>28BF >?@545;8;8 :0: A8AE>4OICN 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?>AB>O==>3> :>=B0:B0 <564C @07;8G=K<8 :C;LBC@=K<8 3@C??0B 0AA89 D>@9 0::C;LBC@0F88, 1@0I05=OB8N AB@0B5388 0::C;LBC@0F88. >765 6. 5@@8 >1>A=>20; ACI5AB2>20=85 G5BK@QE 45;59 0::C;LBC@0F88 ( B e r r y , 1 9 8 0 , p p . 9 - 2 5 ) , @07;8G8O B>@K<8 2;5:CB 420 ?0@0@85=B0F8O =0 A>1AB25==CN 3@C??C, :>=B0:B8@>20=85 ?@58 A ?@54AB028B5;O59 3@C??K 8 CAB0=>2:8 =0 A>E@0=5=85 A2>53> :C;LBC@=>3> =0A;548O 8 845=B8G=>AB8;
>@85=B0F8O =0 4@C385 3@C??K, ?@54?>GB5=85 :>=B0:B8@>20BL A 1>;55 H8@>:81I5AB2>2:8 =0 ?@8=OB85 :C;LBC@K 8 845=B8G=>AB8 1>;LH>3> >1I5AB20.
>A@54AB2>;>68B5;L=KE 8 >B@8F0B5;L=KE 7=0G5=89 MB8E ?0@02 >1@07CNBAO G5BK@5 AB@0B5388 0::C;LBC@0F88. ;O =54><8=8@CNI59 3@C??K:
0AA8445@6820BL A2>8 :C;LBC@=K5 B@048F88 8 AB@52A54=52=><C 2708459AB28N A 4@C38<8 3@C??0<8;
A5?0@0F8O AB@5E@0=5=8N A2>59 :C;LBC@K 8 871530=85 2708459AB28O A 4@C38<8 :C;LBC@020==>ABL 2 A>E@0=5=88 A>1AB25==>9 :C;LBC@K, A CB@0B>9 5Q =5040?B82=KE M;52, 8 2> 2708459AB288 A 4@C38<8 :C;LBC@0<8;
20==>ABL, 0 G0AB> 8 =52>76=>ABL, 2 A>E@0=5=88 A>1AB25==>9 :C;LBC@K 8 AB@52A54=52=><C 2708459AB28N B>;L:> A ?@54AB028B5;O59 3@C??K .
> 0=0;>388 A >?8A0==K<8 AB@0B538O==K5 >6840=8O >B=>A8B5;L=> B>3>, :0:CN AB@0B538N 2 >=8 AG8B0NB =081>;55 65;0B5;L=>9, D>@86840=8O28O 4;O @50;870F88 B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB@0B5388.
!;54C5B >B >?8A0==K5 0::C;LBC@0F8>==K5 AB@0B5388 8 >6840=8O O2;ONBAO, 2AQ 65, =5 ?>2545=G5A:82:0<8, E0@0:B5@87CNI82545=85 8=48284>2 8 3@C?? 2> 2A5E ?@>O2;5=8OE. -B>, ?@5645 2A53>, A>F80;L=> 65;0B5;L=K5 45;8, @50;870F8O :>B>@KE 7028A8B >B F5;>3> @O40 D0:B>@>2, =5 B>;L:> A>F8>:C;LBC@=KE 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E, =0 2;8O=88 :>B>@KE AB0=>28<AO 2 =0H520=88.
::C;LBC@0F8O 0@<O=A:8E 2 9 0 - E 33. 2 >A:25
8AA;54>20=88 ?@8=8<8=8@CNI59 3@C??K 8<<83@0=BK- 0@A ?@>2>48;AO 2 2 0 0 7 3>4C 2 >A:25. 5@28G=K9 0=0;87 A@54=8E 7=0G5=89 ?> H:0;0==K5 >6840=8O 2KO28; 1;87>ABL 0::C;LBC@0F8>==KE CAB0=>2>: <5AB=KE 68B5;59 8 2. 0640O AB@0B538O/ >6840=85 0=0;878@C5BAO ?> A0AB>OB5;L=>9 H:0;5, GB> 40QB 2>76=>ABL A@02=820BL A@54=85 ?>:070B5;8. 081>;LH85 @07;8G8O 2KO2;5=K ?> H:0;5 =B53@0F8O, :>B>@>9 8 0@B40NB ?@54?>GB5=85.
!@54=85 7=0G5=8O ?> :>=F5?B0@ AB@0B5388 0::C;LBC@0F88 8 ::C;LBC@0F8>==K5 >6840=8O
@<O=5 CAA:85 =0G8ABL !B@0B538O A5?0@0F88/
::C;LBC@0F8>==K5 >6840=8O - A53@530F8O 2 , 0 7 2 , 1 7 P <