macintosh

DV, DVD and (XS)VCD on a Macintosh DV, DVD and (XS)VCD on a Macintosh memo and cookbook Updated: 20080411 Matti Haveri remove ei roskaa Contents: SVCD vs VCD vs DVD DVD and (X)SVCD encoding and authoring System requirements Encode MPEG video and audio Author and burn the DVD or (XS)VCD Other info CVD vs SVCD vs DVD What is a miniDVD How can I get better quality for my (X)SVCDs How can I retrieve MPEG2 from a SVCD How can I edit MPEG or convert DVD or MPEG to DV How can I edit video from a PVR and burn it to a DVD (and preserve the subtitles) How can I extract a frame from a DVD How can I burn .bin and .cue files How can I make a slideshow How can I use 3rd party apps to process iMovie clips How can I convert PAL<->NTSC How can I render Slow, Fast and Reversed motion How can I convert 4:3<->16:9 (and preserve interlacing) How can I crop video (and preserve interlacing) How can I pad video to the TV safe area (and preserve interlacing) How can I rotate video (and preserve aspect ratio and interlacing) How can I evaluate interlacing or deinterlace clips Aspect ratios and rectangular vs square pixels Other (XS)VCD and DVD tools Info for the calculations More info about (XS)VCD and DVD Acknowledgements SVCD vs VCD vs DVD [back to Contents] Why SVCD? For one thing, CD burners are still much more common than DVD burners so you may already have the hardware and software to encode video that you can conveniently play on a regular DVD player or send via snailmail or via the Internet to relatives etc. Provided the DVD player supports SVCD, that is. VideoHelp lists many DVD players that should be SVCD compatible but try before you buy. SVCD is high quality compared to VCD but low quality compared to DVD. DVDs have much larger capacity than CDs so it is possible to use higher bitrates and resolutions to gain better quality video. A 80 minute CD holds about 798 MB but a DVD can hold 4.7(-8.5-9.4-17) GB of MPEG data. DVD and SVCD use MPEG2 while VCD uses MPEG1 video encoding. Unlike VCD, SVCD can take advantage of interlaced video which shows smoother motion on TV. DVD's video bitrate is up to 10036 kb/s (=9.8 Mb/s) while SVCD is 2441 kb/s (=2500000 b/s = 2,4 Mb/s) and VCD is only 1125 kb/s (=1152000 b/s = 1.1 Mb/s). You can fit about 40 minutes of highest quality SVCD on a CD. DVD resolution is up to PAL/NTSC 720x576/480 pixels while SVCD is 480x576/480 and VCD is only 352x288/240. You can make a non-standard SVCD a.k.a. XSVCD with DVD-like bitrates and/or resolution but it may not play on all DVD players and not all DVD players understand standard SVCDs anyway. XSVCDs and CVDs are even possible to later rip, concatenate and burn as DVDs (see the chapter "CVD vs SVCD vs DVD"). What's SVCD? Super Video CD Overview The Super Video CD FAQ I've now switched mainly to DVDs but many (XS)VCD principles apply also to DVD. You can use the many (XS)VCD applications also for DVD. DVD and (X)SVCD encoding and authoring [back to Contents] System requirements Most of the used software needs at least Mac OS X 10.2. A fast CPU is recommended for MPEG2 encoding: my old '97 PowerMacintosh 8600/G4 450 and mpeg2enc compress 1 minute of DV to progressive PAL SVCD MPEG2 in about 10 minutes (via MPEG2 Works) so you need a lot of time or a faster Mac. G3 processor is very slow in MPEG encoding. Encode MPEG video and audio For (X)SVCD you have to encode your QuickTime movie into movie.mpv (MPEG2 video) and movie.mp2 (MPEG1 layer 2 audio). Alternative suffixes for these video and audio formats are .m2v and .m1a. The source can be a QuickTime movie such as a plain iMovie DV stream *.dv, a DV-encoded QT movie *.mov etc. Usually you want to concatenate plain DV streams into a single file with original iMovie quality by exporting them as a DV-encoded QT movies (PAL/NTSC 720x576/480). In iMovie 2 you can do this by choosing in iMovie "File/Export Movie.../To QuickTime/Full Quality, Large" or just "File/Export Movie.../For iDVD" which is the same thing. In iMovie 3 and 4 you don't have to export the movie anymore because each time you do a save in iMovie, a little reference .mov file is created inside the iMovie project folder. You save a lot of time and disk space by using this tiny reference .mov as your input file. The hardest part is encoding the video into MPEG2. One good MPEG2 encoder is mpeg2enc in mjpeg tools. Many (XS)VCD encoding GUI applications (MPEG2 Works, ffmpegX, iVCD, MediaPipe etc) use mpeg2enc as their MPEG2-video encoding engine and mp2enc as their MPEG1-audio encoding engine so you don't have to use the command line interface. You can use many of these tools also for DVD encoding. Compiling mpeg2enc on Mac OS X (ctrl-click to download mpeg2enc) MJPEG HOWTO - MPEG2 Works ($10) is a nice GUI front-end to mpeg2enc and other SVCD tools. It is designed to output plain vanilla SVCD or DVD so there is a minimum amount of settings making this is a very good choice for those that don't want to fiddle with plethora of obscure options that may ruin the video if incorrectly used. MPEG2 Works doesn't currently support interlaced output and the aspect ratio isn't exactly preserved with Half-D1 (PAL/NTSC 352x576/480) resolution. - ffmpegX ($15) is a nice GUI front-end to mpeg2enc and other (X)SVCD tools so encoding, multiplexing and authoring is user friendly. It has many user-configurable options so you can tweak the output in many ways. ffmpegX doesn't currently support interlaced output and the aspect ratio isn't exactly preserved with Half-D1 (PAL/NTSC 352x576/480) resolution. Notice that with 4:3 input (DV) resolutions you must uncheck Options/Letterbox so that ffmpegX doesn't unnecessarily add black borders to the left and right. - MMT-EZ ($0) seems also to be a nice GUI front-end to mpeg2enc and many other tools including a DVD/CD burner. - iVCD ($30) also uses mpeg2enc as its MPEG encoding engine although it offers only basic (S)VCD encoding and authoring for people who don't want to fiddle with many obscure options. At least in PAL the field dominance is wrong and the other v1.1.3 bug seems to be that at least in a PAL DV to SVCD the encoded MPEG2 has unnecessary black bars at the left & right where a simple 720x576 to 480x576 scaling would have been correct. - Toast Titanium ($100) is a good 1st choice for (S)VCD and DVD encoding, authoring, and burning because you need a disk burner anyway and it is easier to use than some cheaper CD/DVD burners. AFAIK Toast Titanium 7 uses MainConcept MPEG encoder. Toast can be used to encode MPEG1 files, too: a) Make a VCD project and Save As Disk Image..., mount the disk image, copy the /MPEGAV/*.DAT to the desktop and rename it as *mpg. b) Or: Encode VCD with Toast and copy the .m1v and .m1a from the Roxio Converted Items before they are deleted. Name tham as clip.m1v and clip.m1a. Open the clip.m1v in MPEG Streamclip; the similarily named clip.m1a is automatically opened with it. Choose File/Convert to MPEG... and the files are multiplexed into a single MPEG1 file. - MediaPipe (currently $0) has also mpeg2enc is packaged inside its MPEGEncoder.mpipe, which you can configure and use as a command line utility either directly via MediaPipe's or indirectly via MissingMPEG Tools' graphical user interfaces. Unfortunately MediaPipe hasn't been updated for a long time and some of its components do not work with new Mac OS X versions. So sadly it is now obsolete. Despite other tools' user friendliness I used to prefer to encode (XS)VCD via MediaPipe for the flexibility it offered. It is currently the only mpeg2enc-based GUI encoder that supports interlaced output which has smoother motion on a TV compared to progressive output. MediaPipe is also currently the only encoder which can be configured to maintain the correct aspect ratio with output resolutions like PAL/NTSC 352x576/480. Encoding with MediaPipe is flexible but somewhat complicated so I have moved MediaPipe instructions to another page. There are preconfigured MediaPipe templates for DVD and (XS)VCD encoding. A quick review of more expensive DVD- and MPEG-encoding options: iDVD (comes bundled with a new Mac or $80 bundled with other iLife '05 applications) is easy to use, it has good quality, and it has also nice-looking DVD authoring built-in. Toast Titanium ($100) has a decent MPEG encoder and a basic authoring built-in. DVD Studio Pro & Compressor provide more options for encoding and authoring but the $500 price is quite high for an average user. MainConcept MPEG Encoder is easy to use, it has good quality and plenty of options for tweaking but the $249 price may be too high for an average consumer looking for more encoding options (custom bitrates, resolutions etc) than iDVD can provide. BitVice Lite ($149) has slightly less options for tweaking but the price is right. Quality-wise, Digigami MegaPEG.X Batch ($240) and Digigami MegaPEG.X QT ($240) are identical. The latter is a QuickTime Export plug-in which allows one to output MPEG straight from iMovie, QuickTime Player etc. Digigami's default settings may be too smooth and fuzzy for some people so adjust the settings as needed. Digigami MegaPEG.X Batch's bitrate and quantization chart is a very nice feature (it actually reads the bitrate info from demultiplexed m2v). Also the previously mentioned mpeg2enc variants can be used for DVD encoding. LaCie FastCoder ($249) currently supports only NTSC. Cleaner, Heuris are other options for MPEG encoding. You can increase the MPEG quality with a 2/3-pass encoder which first analyzes the video content and then proceeds to encode it but this takes longer than a 1-pass method. mpeg2enc does not currently support 2-pass encoding. A quick review about the role of I, P and B frames in compression: I-frames (intra frames) stand alone; they rely on no other frames for proper decoding. P-frames (forward predicted frames) are predicted in a single direction: they rely on the previous I or P frame for motion compensation. B-frames (bidirectionally predicted frames) are placed between pairs of IP frames (display order). B-frames can be reconstructed using both information from the I or P frame earlier in time and the I or P frame occurring later in time. Each of these three types of frames has an approximate cost in bits to the encoder. Generally speaking, if you study the statistics of IPB frame sizes, P-frames take about twice as many bits to compress as B-frames. And I-frames take twice as many bits to compress as P-frames. I-frames are the most expensive. GOP starts with an I-frame. B-frames follow either the I-frame or a single P-frame. Only one P frame at a time. To make a standard SVCD you must scale and encode the input QuickTime file to PAL/NTSC 480x576/480 MPEG2 file at a maximum of 2500 kb/s. You can fit about 40 minutes of SVCD video on a 700MB CD with this bitrate. If you deviate from those resolutions or 2500 kb/s bitrate you make a nonstandard SVCD a.k.a. XSVCD which may not play on your DVD player. Besides, not all DVD players can play standard SVCDs anyway. Try a known-good VCD- and a SVCD-disk before you buy a DVD player. After you have encoded MPEG2 you can optionally check and play the file with VLC media player or with the QuickTime Player if you have bought the $20 QuickTime MPEG-2 Playback Component from Apple. Author and burn the DVD or (XS)VCD [back to Contents] iDVD and Toast Titanium have a MPEG encoder, DVD authoring and a DVD burner built-in. Toast Titanium ($100) or Sizzle ($0) can be used to author encoded MPEGs as video-DVDs (see below). DVD Studio Pro ($500) has much more options at a price. You can easily make a SVCD where you can select tracks with your DVD player remote, just as if you were using a commercial DVD disk. Just get VCD Builder (donationware) and optionally also compose a starting menu with track names and graphics to the beginning of the SVCD. Also Toast Titanium supports SVCD authoring. It is better to keep single MPEGs relatively short (max ~40 minutes) because in long MPEGs the audio may get slightly out-of-sync and shorter MPEG chunks are easier to manage and re-encode at lower bitrate if the CD's capacity is exceeded. VCD Builder allows you author smaller MPEGs to a single CD and break individual MPEGs into chapters so you can conveniently play them via the DVD player's remote control (check the right chapter times with QuickTime Player from the input movie or the MPEG files ( MPEG-2 Playback Component is required for MPEG2 movies)). VCD Builder automatically launches and configures Multitrack CD-ROM XA in Roxio Toast (commercial) after it has processed the input MPEGs. For best results scale or crop your Menu source images to a 4:3 size (iMovie exports stills as 4:3 PAL 768x576 or NTSC 640x480) with apps like Graphic Converter or Photoshop (you may have to configure your DVD player to get the correct aspect ratio on a TV). CDRW disks may be more DVD-player compatible than CDR disks. Notice that not all DVD players can play SVCDs so try before you buy. Congratulations, you're done! Now try the disk in your standalone DVD player before rushing to do longer projects. Other info [back to Contents] CVD vs SVCD vs DVD Before rushing to make SVCDs you may also consider the CVD (China Video Disc) and low- and high-resolution XSVCD formats because they are easier to export to DVDs later. What is CVD? First, CVD predates SVCD. 2nd, "Chaoji VCD", which roughly translates to "Super VCD" is like a compatibility specification for players -- a Chaoji VCD player must be able to play back SVCD, CVD, VCD 2.0, VCD 1.1 and CD-DA discs. Super Video CD Overview Today all "SVCD compatible" standalone PAL DVD players are actually compatible with Chaoji VCD players. This means that both CVD and SVCD formats are supported. On the other hand, the "SVCD compatible" standalone Region 1 NTSC DVD players in U.S. are not forced to include CVD compatibility. The reason is simple: Those players are not used in China, even in theory (as is the case with Region 2 PAL players). Only half of the "SVCD compatible" R1 DVD players are currently (200206) compatible with CVD. Most of them are made in southeast asia, and they use C-Cube's microchips. So why CVD-resolution (or high-resolution XSVCD) instead of a standard SVCD? CVD video differs from SVCD basically only by its slightly lower horizontal resolution (PAL/NTSC 352x576/480 vs 480x576/480). This resolution also happens to be one legal resolution, a.k.a. half D1, for DVD video. (Like a SVCD, CVD also uses VBR MPEG2 video encoding with up to 2441 kb/s (=2500000 b/s = 2,4 Mb/s) bitrate). So the benefit of encoding CVDs is that you can use your PAL/NTSC 352x576/480 MPEG2 files on CVDs today and on DVDs tomorrow, without any picture re-encoding or re-scaling (you just need to multiplex them with DVD specs). This is not possible with SVCD, because its resolution (480x576/480), isn't compatible with DVD video. So SVCD files need re-encoding if you want to burn them on DVD later. (There are ways to convert SVCDs to DVDs without re-encoding, but that creates something like an "xDVD" and many players do not support such discs. The most common problem is a picture with totally wrong aspect ratio or blank picture in the right side of the TV screen!). With CVD you don't have that kind of problems, and your DVD authoring programs accept your CVD files! CVD audio uses the same 44.1 kHz MPEG1 layer 2 audio as SVCD, but more than 80% of the DVD standalones produced after 1999, which are also compatible with Chaoji Video CD players, can play also 48 kHz audio on CVDs and SVCDs. So, if your DVD standalone supports 48 kHz CVD audio, you may want to encode 48 kHz audio in the first place, especially if you intend to later transfer the CVDs to DVDs because DVD uses 48 kHz audio. CVD, SVCD and VCD will all go away the day DVD burners become mainstream and the DVD media becomes as cheap as CDRs are today. But all those standards are based on MPEG so you may prepare yourself with DVD in mind by encoding CVD or low- or high-resolution XSVCD with 48 kHz audio so they can be easily transferred to DVD in the future. Of course you get better quality by re-encoding to DVD with higher DVD bitrates _if_ you still have the original material. You can also continue to use your old SVCDs but transferring and concatenating them to higher capacity DVDs has its benefits, too. Legal DVD resolutions are PAL/NTSC 720x576/480, 704x576/480, 352x576/480 for MPEG2 and 352x288/240 for MPEG1 so you can transfer these resolutions also to DVD if you want. My Pioneer 444 PAL DVD player accepts all these resolutions on XSVCD as well as PAL 352x288 XSVCD MPEG2. Using MPEG1 layer 2 audio (a.k.a. M1A or MP2) is non-standard in NTSC but can be played back on many DVD players, so check whether your DVD player supports it or whether you must use compressed AC3 or uncompressed PCM audio. So basically you need to decide whether to encode: 1) standard SVCD PAL/NTSC 480x576/480 with 44.1 kHz audio 2) low resolution 352x576/480 XSVCD a.k.a. CVD with 48 kHz audio (1st choice for XSVCD) 3) high resolution 720x576/480 XSVCD with 48 kHz audio 4) high resolution 704x576/480 XSVCD with 48 kHz audio 5) low resolution 352x288/240 X(S)VCD with 48 kHz audio Standard SVCD is more compatible with DVD players but those X(S)VCD-resolutions can be more easily transferred and concatenated to real DVDs later. PAL/NTSC 704x576/480 may be a good choice for originally analog sources (analog-to-DV capture from a TV-tuner, for example) because the original analog active image width is PAL 702 or NTSC 711 and the 704 XSVCD width crops the unnecessary black borders from the 720 width DV image. CVD: What is it, how to test it & what to expect! A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions Q: My DVD-recorder can burn PAL/NTSC 352x288/240 MPEG1 as a video-DVD, but QuickTime Player displays only black video from the VOB? A: You might have also noticed that QuickTime Player erroneusly reports your file as MPEG2 when it, in fact, is just MPEG1 in a MPEG2-style container. If you open the file with MPEG Streamclip, you can see the video and also use the Show Stream Info -command to see that it is really MPEG1. You can fix the MPEG container issue if you demultiplex the file and then remultiplex it with MPEG Streamclip. Then also QuickTime Player shows the video in it. What is a miniDVD [back to Contents] miniDVD a.k.a. cDVD is a DVD video written onto a CD-R(W) instead of a DVD disc. A miniDVD can only hold about 15 minutes of DVD quality video on a 700 MB CD-R(W). Not many standalone DVD players will play miniDVD -- see the list for miniDVD compatible players. Computers can play the miniDVD if the CD/DVD drive supports at least 8x CD-R/W reading speed. A workaround for computers with slower drives is to copy the VIDEO_TS folder to the harddisk and play it from there. Toast Titanium can create a miniDVD. Go through the same process you would to create a DVD, however when prompted for a blank DVD insert a blank CD instead. How can I get better quality for my (X)SVCDs [back to Contents] Avoid "garbage in, garbage out": Take care that your original video is high quality. If possible, use good illumination and a tripod so the MPEG2 encoder can focus on relevant movement on the video. Familiarize yourself with the camcorder's settings. You can minimize the loss of quality on long 60-90 minute XSVCDs by using widescreen format or by converting the material to black & white. If you prefer color, the movie must be "clean", meaning almost no noise. Progressive output is less blocky than interlaced but progressive movement is jerkier on TV. Reducing the output resolution also diminishes blockiness but the image may not be as crisp. Animations may look ugly because there is noise around fast moving clean lines. The blocking artifacts are most noticable on backgrounds like sky. The material should contain as little visible vegetation and water as possible... How can I retrieve MPEG2 from a SVCD [back to Contents] Q: OK, I have now successfully burned SVCDs. But how can I retrieve the MPEG2s back from the SVCDs if I want to use them later in other projects? - Ripping is fast and easy with Toast Titanium: insert the (XS)VCD and choose Recorder/Disc Info... A list of tracks will appear. Select the Video track and save the MPEG from there. If you want to burn DVD-compatible XSVCD to a DVD, you must demultiplex and author the ripped MPEG and remultiplex it with DVD specs. Toast does all this and also authoring automatically. To re-burn as DVD in Toast: select Video/DVD-Video (or SVCD or VCD), add the ripped MPEG and burn it to a DVD. If Toast sees that the MPEG conforms to the DVD spec it doesn't re-encode it (the re-multiplexing and authoring phases are fast) so there is no quality loss. Toast may sometimes unnecessarily start to slowly re-encode valid DVD or (S)VCD MPEGs -- demultiplexing the MPEG to .m2v and .m1a (a.k.a. .mp2) may fix this. - VCD Copy X (donationware) can rip the tracks off of a VCD or SVCD as *.dat files, which can AFAIK just be renamed as *.mpg and re-burned as SVCDs. (Compared to the original *.mpg the *.dat file contains some additional navigation information the SVCD needs). - Another alternative for ripping is MissingMediaBurner. MissingMediaBurner has to compete with the Finder for access to the CDR(W) so put a blank CDR(W) to the CD-burner but leave the drive tray still open. In MissingMediaBurner choose Device: CD-R/RW, Driver: generic-mmc-raw (you may have to experiment with your setup). Choose the Output Folder in the RIP DISK panel, check Raw mode, press the Rip-button and immediately close the CD-burner's tray. You get something like mycd.bin as an output file. Launch GNU vcdtoolsX and use its vcdXrip to open mycd.bin and generate *.mpg files that you can author and re-burn as SVCDs with VCD Builder and Toast. - Here is another way to rip via Toast (the other Toast method is faster because here the MPEG must be demultiplexed so Toast doesn't try to re-encode it): select CD/DVD Copy (and the desired CDRW) in Toast and File/Save as Disc Image... Rename the saved disc image *.toast to *.bin and use vcdXrip in GNU vcdtoolsX to extract the MPEGs from it. - If necessary, you can demultiplex the *.dat or *.mpg files with MPEG Streamclip, MPEG2 Works, ffmpegX or MoreMissingTools' MPG DEMUX, and remultiplex and reuse them as *.mpg files. How can I edit MPEG or convert DVD or MPEG to DV [back to Contents] MPEG is a delivery format, not an editing format, but occasionally you may want to edit MPEG files or import them to iMovie. I'd suggest you try MPEG Streamclip first and see if it does the job for you. - MPEG Streamclip ($0) converts MPEG files (including transport streams) into muxed, demuxed, DV, QuickTime, AVI, MP4 or H.264 video or TIFF still frames, so you can easily import them in iMovie, Final Cut Pro, DVD Studio Pro and Toast Titanium. MPEG2 conversions require the $20 Apple's QuickTime MPEG-2 Playback Component (you can buy it online from Apple, but you already have it if you use either Final Cut Pro 4/HD or DVD Studio Pro). MPEG Streamclip also includes a player to set In and Out points, and perform a partial conversion. It does not read encrypted VOB files. It can open and convert also DV, MOV, AVI, MP4, H.264, DivX or WMV files (DivX and WMV need 3rd party add-ons). To convert a DVD or MPEG to DV with MPEG Streamclip (v1.8 or later): Open a desired .VOB on a DVD (DVD/VIDEO_TS/VTS_01_1.VOB, for example) or a MPEG file. Select the In/Out points if you want to extract just a portion of the video. Choose "File/Export to DV.../Compression: DV (DV25)". Choose "Split DV stream in Segments" if the content is more than 9 minutes 27 seconds because iMovie 1-4 can't reliably handle longer clip files and it might be a good idea to limit the converted .dv file's size anyway (segmented clips play seamlessly in iMovie). MPEG Streamclip can optionally resample audio to 48 kHz which DV (and DVD) use (use this option when converting (S)VCD 44.1 kHz audio for DV). You can import the converted .dv to iMovie or save it directly into iMovie project's Media folder to save time and HD space (iMovie prompts you what to do with the clip when the project is opened. Notice that iMovie HD 5 now stores its project folder as a package -- MPEG Streamclip can save straight into the package's /Media folder!). As a nice touch MPEG Streamclip correctly adds 8+8 black pixels to the sides when converting PAL/NTSC 352x576/480 half D1 or 704x576/480 MPEG to 720x576/480 DV. MPEG Streamclip can join similar MPEG files: The joined files must have the same PIDs, the same start codes, and the same audio/video properties (that is, they must come from the same source or channel). Using "Convert to MPEG" before joining the files can be helpful, because it changes PIDs and start codes to a default value. The preferred method to join streams is to Copy one stream in MPEG Streamclip, open another stream and Paste it there. This method checks that the joined streams indeed are compatible. Another method is to put the MPEGs in the same folder, and rename them so that they sort as desired in list view. Then select them via MPEG Streamclip's "File/Open Files..." dialog box (Shift- or Command-click to select multiple MPEGs). Then choose "Edit/Fix Timecode Breaks". After this MPEG Streamclip should report the combined length of all MPEGs (check the Log Window if you want to know whether any timecode breaks were found). Then choose "File/Convert to MPEG... or /Save As..." to save them in a single file. If the video transition between two files looks bad, you can use the Cut command to improve it. You can join very different and incompatible MPEGs with this latter method so the end result is not guaranteed to work. MPEG Streamclip can also edit MPEG files. Just set In/Out points (with I/O keys), Cut unwanted material off and choose "File/Convert to MPEG...". You can also Cut/Copy selections to other parts of the same stream or open another compatible stream and Paste it there. Shift-dragging the playhead can also be used to define a selection. Option + arrow keys jump to the beginning/end or In/Out points. You can use the Trim-command to more closely see a part of the video before cutting, then choose Revert Trimming to see all material. JKL-keys can be used to enable fast forward or reverse playing. The scroll wheel works also; with the Option key it scrolls 1 second per click. See the manual for more details on how to jump in single frame, GOP, 1 second, 10 second or 1 minute chunks when searching a specific spot in the video. Editing and trimming can be accurate only if In and Out are both on keyframes because MPEG Streamclip edits to the GOP, not to the frame. For DVD and (XS)VCD the maximum GOP size is PAL 15 and NTSC 18 frames, so the editing accuracy can be up to about 0.6 seconds. You can advance to the previous or next keyframe (i.e. I-frame, the beginning of each GOP or Group Of Pictures) with the Up/Down arrow keys -- you can also use the Edit/Go to Keyframe command to see where the In and Out points really are when editing (the In point is included in the selection, the Out point is not included). Shift + Up/Down arrow keys allow fine-tuning the selection to the GOP. Among other things, MPEG Streamclip can demultiplex VOB or MPEG into .m2v video and .aiff, .ac3 or .m1a (a.k.a .mp2) components. It can also easily be used to multiplex video and audio files together: just place similarily named .m2v and .aiff, .ac3 or .m1a files in the same folder, drop the .m2v file on MPEG Streamclip, and convert them to MPEG with PCM, .ac3 or .m1a audio. If necessary, MPEG Streamclip can encode new .m1a audio at 192-384 kb/s. Notice that MPEG Streamclip doesn't multiplex VOB-compatible files for performance reasons, so the DVD authoring app has to re-multiplex them. MPEG Streamclip can also change the aspect ratio, scale, center, letterbox, un-letterbox, crop, add borders, deinterlace, change field dominance, adjust brightness, contrast, saturation and volume of the converted video. MPEG Streamclip 1.5.1 is compatible with DreamBox or Topfield TF5000PVR/TF5500PVR DVB set-top boxes, FireWire, Ethernet, USB and DVD devices like Elgato EyeTV digital video recorders, ReplayTV digital video recorders, the Humax PVR-8000 set-top box, the Panasonic SV-AV100 camcorder, the JVC Everio camcorder, the Sony T1 camera, the Panasonic VDR-M70 and the Hitachi DZ-MV230 camcorders. It is also compatible with MPEG-2 devices supported by DVHSCap and VirtualDVHS (free applications available from Apple as part of the FireWire SDK for developers); namely, the Sony IP7/MicroMV, the Sony HDR-FX1, the JVC GR-HD1 camcorders; the JVC HM-DH30000U and the Mitsubishi HD-2000U video cassette recorders; the Samsung SIR-T165 set-top box. Check the MPEG Streamclip Guide at its Help menu for more details. You can import the edited MPEGs to Toast Titanium, DVD Studio Pro or Sizzle 0.5b2 (some prefer Sizzle 0.1 because it can make DVDs which start playing as soon as you insert the disc, whereas Sizzle 0.5 demands you put in a menu. v0.1 might also be more reliable. There may also be differences in what audio formats each version likes and dislikes), and burn them directly, with no encoding time and no loss of quality. (Notice that iDVD doesn't accept MPEG as its input). If you still have Toast 6, please update it least to version 6.0.9 as previous versions could alter audio/video sync of muxed MPEG files. Some versions of Toast may have trouble burning some MPEGs with mp2 audio -- a workaround is to demultiplex the MPEG to m2v and m1a (or aiff) with MPEG Streamclip and burn them. Toast may lose audio sync or be too picky and reject some MPEGs -- a workaround is to demultiplex the MPEG to m2v and aiff with MPEG Streamclip and burn them. Toast 7 now also features a preference to prevent the lengthy and lossy re-encoding -- enable it if you know the MPEG is valid for a DVD or (S)VCD. Converting to "Headed" MPEG via MPEG Streamclip adds a special header to the MPEG file that lets you import unsupported frame sizes into Toast 6 or 7 and skip recompression. However, DVDs made from "headed" MPEG files are not guaranteed to work with all players. Toast accepts MPEGs, VOBs and VIDEO_TS folders as its input. Use Toast's Video/Advanced/DVD-Video setting (not the "DVD-Video from VIDEO_TS" setting if you want to burn several such items to a single DVD. Delete unnecessary items (such as unwanted DVD menus from old DVDs), change the description of the titles and the DVD itself to something that makes sense and burn the new DVD. This results in Toast authoring a new VIDEO_TS folder that has a title menu of the videos from your other VIDEO_TS folders or their contents. Toast basically treats the VOB sets as MPEG video. Toast adds the AUDIO_TS folder as part of its authoring process so you don't need to do anything other than drag the folders to Toast so it can find the videos. You can also author the MPEGs which Toast rejects with Sizzle. On the other hand, Sizzle may not like the PCM audio in MPEG ripped from an iDVD-encoded disk -- a workaround is to convert such MPEGs to use mp2 audio with MPEG Streamclip. Short Sizzle manual: Click "Add Title" and one-by-one select the desired MPEG files you want on the DVD. Then, with the "TOC Menu 1" still selected in the "Item" list, choose an existing button on Sizzle's preview screen, click "Edit Button", choose Action "Jump to menu...", select "Destination" and the desired MPEG, and edit the "Button Label" text as desired. For more MPEGs, choose "Add Button" and repeat as above. * If you want to break the MPEG as chapters: Play the MPEG in some other application and make notes for the desired chapter point times (there is no GUI for this in Sizzle). Then in Sizzle, select the MPEG in the "Item" list, the "Chapters" tab and "+" to add chapters (the first chapter is always at 00:00:00.00). Then on Sizzle's preview screen click the chapter button, "Edit button", Action: "Jump to chapter..." and Destination: and a desired chapter time. Choose "Add Button" and repeat for the remaining chapter points you have added. When you are finished click "Save Disc Image". * If you want to test the DVD image before burning: Mount the .dmg image by double-clicking it and launch the /Applications/DVD Player to test it. * Burn the DVD via Toast Titanium: Select Copy/Image File, select the .dmg Sizzle created, and hit Record. Or burn using the Disk Utility: Choose images/Burn... and select the .dmg Sizzle created, and click "Burn". - ffmpegX ($15) can also convert .VOB or .mpg to .dv. It works OK but its installation and interface can be too overwhelming. - VisualHub ($23) also uses open source components such as ffmpeg as its engine. It can convert between many codecs: iPod, PSP, DV, DVD, Tivo, AVI, MP4, WMV, MPEG and Flash. It has presets for easy use and it is targeted for people that "just want to get the job done". Advanced panel lets you modify the settings. Batch Processing of multiple files. Xgrid support: use the power of every Mac on your network for batch encoding. - DVDxDV ($25) can convert DVD-disks, VIDEO_TS folders and .VOB files to DV-encoded .mov files. iMovie 4 users should be aware that the audio is converted to 32 kHz when it imports DV-encoded .mov files (this is fixed in iMovie HD). - DropDV ($40) can convert MPEG1 and MPEG2 streams to .dv. - Cinematize ($60) can convert a DVD or a VIDEO_TS folder (not plain .VOB or .mpg) to .dv or QuickTime. There is a 15 day demo limited to 10 second content. - In Toast Titanium ($100), select the Video tab, add the *.mpg or *.VOB files or drag a DVD or a VIDEO_TS folder to Toast's window, select the files in the list, choose Disc/Export Video... and Toast converts them with audio to DV streams. The converted files may even be on the (X)SVCD or DVD disk so no ripping is needed. - A simple option to convert a DVD to DV is to just connect the DVD-player's analog outputs to a DV camcorder and convert the analog signal to DV. - HandBrake can't output to DV but it can convert VIDEO_TS folder, DVD image or real DVD with AC-3, LPCM or MPEG audio tracks to MP4 (MPEG-4 or H.264), AVI or OGM with AAC, MP3, Vorbis or AC-3 pass-through. It supports chapter selection, basic subtitle support (burned into the picture), integrated bitrate calculator, deinterlacing, cropping and scaling and grayscale encoding. Here are some other apps for MPEG encoding, editing or authoring: - iMovie ´08 and iDVD ´08 have better MPEG2 support than previous versions. I don't yet have first hand experience from them because iMovie ´08 needs Mac OS X 10.4 and an Intel Mac which I don't yet have. iMovie '08 camcorder support is described in this Apple page. Notice that to make iMovie '08 recognize a loose MPEG2 file you may have to create a dummy camera on a USB Flash/HD Drive: at the root level of the drive put a folder "MP_ROOT", and in this folder put a folder "101PNV01" and put the MPEG2 files in it. When the USB Drive is inserted, iMovie '08 sees it as a camera and allows you to import the files. Reportedly iMovie ´08 can now natively import and edit (to the GOP) MPEG2 files (the previous page indicates that MPEG1 is not supported). iMovie '08 can export those MPEG2 projects to iDVD '08 but I don't know whether iDVD '08 can burn them as a video-DVD with no re-encoding. I also don't know whether iDVD ´08 can handle the seldom used legal DVD resolutions (PAL/NTSC 704x576/480, 352x576/480 for MPEG2 (and 352x288/240 for MPEG1)) or over 120/240 minutes of MPEG2 content on a SL/DL DVD disk. - Capty MPEG Edit EX ($50) for Mac OS 9/X can do frame-accurate MPEG2 (not VOB or MPEG1) editing with 48 kHz PCM, AC3 or M1A single audio streams. It does this by converting a GOP to uncompressed video at the point of the edit. It supports all legal DVD resolutions. It can join different MPEGs to a single MPEG file and write as DV stream or MOV. - Capty MPEG Edit Mac OS X can edit MPEGs frame-accurately (as opposed to GOP-accurately), so it must re-encode some frames (if you clip off an I-frame it must be re-encoded). It only accepts muxes of .m2v & .mp2/.pcm. It is a Japanese application, and unfortunately there is no english localization at the moment (Capty MPEG Edit EX may be a very similar app). It is a newer iteration of the english software that came with the ADS USB Instant DVD hardware MPEG encoder. - Capty DVD/VCD 2 ($70) can encode and author single- or dual-layer video-DVDs as well as VCDs. It also accepts MPEG sources, does Dolby Digital encoding, offers 25 customizable motion menu templates, provides the ability to specify chapter points and chapter menus, and creates DVD slide shows that can display photo titles as well as have background music. Here is a CaptyDVD 2.0 quick tour. - Pixe VRF Browser ($50) for Mac OS 9/X can view, edit and export video from a VR format DVD-RAM or DVD-RW or from a VIDEO_TS folder to DVD authoring applications. Pixe VRF Browser may be unnecessary if you have Toast 7 because its only real value is in extracting MPEGs from VR-mode DVDs recorded on a standalone DVD recorder or a DVD camcorder. It will not read MPEG files directly. There is a short review here. The data from VRF Browser is compatible with Pixela's Capty MPEG Edit EX, enabling detailed editing of frame by frame video and audio data. Unlike Capty MPEG Edit EX it doesn't play audio or allow preview of edits. - MPEG Append ($50, the Mac OS 9 version is free) can combine MPEG files for DVD authoring applications like DVD Studio Pro. ...Many older MPEG tools handled only video and they are described below mainly for historical curiosity. To preserve audio you had to laboriously demultiplex audio and video to separate files and convert them separately to *.aif audio and *.dv video which you can import to iMovie and join there or combine in QuickTime Player: 1. Demultiplex MPEG to separate audio and video files: You can do this with either MPEG2 Works, ffmpegX, MoreMissingTools' MPG DEMUX or mpgtx GUI (all use mpgtx as their demuxing engine. Note that for some reason iTunes can't currently convert MPEG audio if it is demultiplexed with bbDEMUX so use mpgtx for demuxing). Demultiplexing yields *.mp2 as an audio file and either something like *.m2v (MPEG2) or *.m1v (MPEG1) as a video file. Don't throw the video file away because you convert it to DV later. 2. Convert *.mp2 audio to uncompressed 48 kHz 16 bit stereo *.aif which iMovie can import: a) With iTunes you can convert the demuxed *.mp2 audio file to an uncompressed 48 kHz 16 bit stereo *.aif file, and import it to iMovie where you can combine it with the DV video you get in the next step. You can import the converted *.aif file via iMovie 3's Audio tab straight from the iTunes Library or locate and import the converted *.aif file to iMovie 2. (You can select the AIF format in iTunes/Preferences/Importing, and define the folder where the *.aif is saved via iTunes/Preferences/Advanced. In iTunes select File/Add to Library... to add the .mp2 to the playlist, then select the .mp2 and choose iTunes/Advanced/Convert Selection to AIFF. You can then copy the .aif file from the iTunes folder elsewhere via the Finder or import it via iMovie 3's Audio tab). b) You may also convert the *.mp2 to WAV with MPEG2 Works and use QuickTime Pro to export it as uncompressed 48 kHz 16 bit stereo AIFF. c) You may also convert *.mp2 to *.aif with SoundApp although it isn't currently Mac OS X native. 3. Convert MPEG video to DV video: You can do the MPEG to DV conversion with tools like DiVA or MediaPipe. a) DiVA is more user friendly but it doesn't exactly preserve the correct aspect ratio with resolutions like PAL/NTSC 352x576/480 (standard SVCD resolutions and DVD 720x576/480 are OK). DiVA doesn't require you to demultiplex the MPEG before converting it to another video format. Set DiVA not to crop the MPEG and set it to scale to PAL/NTSC 720x576/480 in its main window. Set Compression to DV-PAL or DV/DVCPRO-NTSC with Best Quality and PAL/NTSC 25/29.97 fps. b) With MediaPipe you have more control so you can maintain the correct aspect ratio even with weird MPEG resolutions. I have some preconfigured MediaPipe MPEG-to-DV templates. You can use the templates to convert _demultiplexed_ MPEG back to DV (the pipes don't have a demultiplexer so you have to demultiplex the MPEG first!). There are templates to convert MPEG resolutions PAL 352x288, 352x576, 480x576, 704x576 and 720x576 and NTSC 352x240, 352x480, 480x480, 704x480 and 720x480 to DV. Note that some DV<->MPEG conversions require you to crop or add borders before or after scaling to maintain the correct aspect ratio. Check the original MPEG's resolution with tools like mpgtx GUI because QuickTime Player may report wrong MPEG resolutions. A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions c) By the way, iMovie 3 can import MPEG1 video if you drop the MPEG1 file to the iMovie timeline or shelf. MPEG-2 Playback Component is required for iMovie 3 MPEG2 importing or MPEG2 playing via QuickTime Player. Anyway, currently the converted MPEG files lack audio and the quality isn't as good as with DiVA or MediaPipe because in PAL, the output DV file every other frame is duplicated so the resultant video is jerky. Also in PAL the diplayed 720x540 must be resized to 720x576 in QuickTime Player to avoid distortion in interlacing. With DiVA or MediaPipe the converted DV quality is good and interlacing is preserved well with MPEG2 files. 4. Import to iMovie and join the converted video and audio: a) Open the output DV-encoded QuickTime video file with QuickTime Pro and export it as a PAL or NTSC DV stream (with iMovie 3 you can skip this step). Import it to iMovie and combine with the imported *.aif audio. b) Or, in QuickTime Pro paste the audio to the video track with the Add Scaled command to make video and audio sync. Another commercial but expensive option to MPEG-to-DV conversion is to use Cleaner which should export also audio. How can I edit video from a PVR and burn it to a DVD (and preserve the subtitles) [back to Contents] The following workflow works for me in Mac OS X 10.3.9 (Java 1.4.2-70; you can test your Java version via "java -version" -command in the Terminal) and a Topfield TF5100PVR Masterpiece PVR/DVR (Personal/Digital Video Recorder). YMMV. 1. You can download the .rec files from the Topfield with MPEG Streamclip via the USB2 connection. 2a. Edit the MPEG with MPEG Streamclip as described here. Some channels burn the subtitles to the video so you get subtitles no matter what. Some channels use DVB subtitles or subtitles from the text-TV; you lose such subtitles with this method. If you want to preserve such subtitles, please read on: 2b. To preserve subtitles from the text-TV you can edit the video with ProjectX. The precompiled ProjectX_0.82.1.02 works in Mac OS X 10.3.9 with Java 1.4.2. Newer precompiled versions for Mac OS X 10. 5 and Java 1.5 can be found here (you can switch the interface to English by opening the X.ini with a text editor and setting Application.Language=en). Hints about compiling from source to Mac OS X would be greatly appreciated! Mini-manual for ProjectX 0.82.1.02: Unzip the downloaded ProjectX .zip file. Double-click the ProjectX.jar to launch the Java application. Open the .rec file you downloaded to the Mac via "File/Add..". Choose "Edit/open VideoCut/Specials..". Move the playhead via the slider and fine-tune via the left/right arrows. Define the In/Out points via the "add point" -command; red parts of the timeline are cut from the final output when you click the "apply & close" -command. Open the subtitle tab. Check "advanced: re-build TTX-PTS from 1st MpgAudio stream in a stream file" (this generates the correct timecodes to the text-TV's subtitles). In the "teletext pages to decode:" fill in the teletext page number which holds the subtitles for that stream (for me the channel YLE TV1=451, YLE Teema=453, YLE FST5=771 etc -- you must check the correct page number by playing the .rec file on your TV and by checking which teletext page holds the subtitles for that channel). Select SRT as the subtitle export format. Click "Go!" and wait for a while. The output files are saved in the same folder as the input. * No chapters: Open ffmpegX. Open the "Tools" tab and the "mux" subtab. Click the "video" button and choose the .m2v, click the "audio 1" button and choose the .mpa from the ProjectX output files (if you have multiple .mpa audio files, play them with QuickTime Player to check which audio track you want). Uncheck "Author as". Click "Mux" and wait for a while. Open the "author" subtab. Click the "mpg file" button and choose the .mpg from the previous step, click the subtitle button and choose the .srt from the ProjectX output files. Choose "Text encoding: MacRoman". Click "Author" and wait for a while. * With chapters: My current workflow with Mac OS X 10.3.9 requires CLI tools because MovieGate requires at least Mac OS X 10.4. Email me if you want to know the gory details about the CLI workflow. 3. Test the video-DVD: open the DVD Player.app. Choose "File/Open VIDEO_TS Folder..." and open the VIDEO_TS folder you got from the previous step (it is inside the .mpg.DVD -folder). Press the "Play" -button, and choose the subtitle track "1" from the pop-up menu. 4. Burn the video-DVD: Launch Toast Titanium. Open "Video/DVD-Video from VIDEO_TS" and select the VIDEO_TS folder. Click "Record disc". How can I extract a frame from a DVD [back to Contents] Methods a & b are quick 'n dirty, method c yields the best quality but you need the $20 Apple MPEG-2 Playback Component for it. a) Play the DVDwith VLC media player and choose Video/Snapshot or take a screenshot via Command-Shift-3 (the whole screen) or Command-Shift-4 (a selection). You can also use /Applications/Utilities/Grab to take a screenshot. b) Play the DVD with /Applications/DVD Player and take a screenshot. Regular screenshot doesn't work with the DVD Player but you can take a screenshot using the command "screencapture -c" with /Applications/Utilities/Terminal: when you press the Return-key, the screen image is placed onto the clipboard, including whatever image was paused or played in the DVD player. Use Edit/Paste with your choice of image editor. You can also take the screenshot with utilities like Snapz Pro X. Also Capture Me and DVD Capture support DVD still capture. c) Open the desired .VOB in the DVD (DVD/VIDEO_TS/VTS_01_1.VOB, for example) or a MPEG with MPEG Streamclip. Scroll to the desired frame with the arrow keys and choose File/Export Frame.../Frame Size: 4:3 or 16:9, Pixel Aspect: Computer Graphics. Choose "Deinterlace Video" if there are motion-induced interlacing lines ( i.e. horizontal comb lines) in the video and if you don't want them in the image. As a nice touch MPEG Streamclip correctly scales the frame so that the correct aspect ratio is maintained. How can I burn .bin and .cue files [back to Contents] Toast Titanium ($100) can burn (S)VCD from a bin and cue image file pair. MissingMediaBurner (cdrdao as its engine) is a cheaper alternative to Toast. How can I make a slideshow [back to Contents] Some things to remember about slideshows: 1. Standard video resolution is only PAL/NTSC 720x576/480 so the original megapixel stills have to be downsampled to this low resolution quality no matter what (you can optionally include the original images to the DVD-ROM part of the DVD so they can be viewed on a computer with no quality loss, though). The MPEG encoding will also degrade quality on video-DVDs. High-Definition Video (HDV) resolution is somewhat better: in iMovie HD it is either 1280x720 (720p) or 1440x1080 (1080i) so you may want to try them instead of standard definition DV when working with iMovie HD. Notice that iDVD doesn't currently support HDV so you can't use it for this task. 2. iMovie display is just a preview so always judge the quality on a TV or via the QuickTime Player. 3. QuickTime Player has low quality playback of DV clips by default. You have to turn on high quality playback of the clip to see all quality (in QT 7 you do this via enabling "Window/Show Movie Properties/Video Track/Visual Settings/High Quality" setting -- do not enable "Single Field" or "Deinterlace" because they deinterlace playback. You can also set "QuickTime Player 7/Preferences.../General/Use high quality video setting when available" to check the "High Quality" box by default (notice that the "Single Field" or "Deinterlace" boxes may have been saved to the file so sometimes you must take care to uncheck them). Notice also that older versions of QuickTime Player do not automatically scale the rectangular pixel video to square pixel computer display so the aspect ratio may look incorrect (you must scale NTSC 720x480 to 646x480 and PAL 720x576 to 788x576 to see the correct aspect ratio). Notice also that you may see normal interlacing comb lines in QuickTime Player. 4. iMovie 4, 5 and 6 have a bug which may ruin still images: When you send the project to tape or to iDVD, DON'T let iMovie render the clips -- that's where you get irreversible jaggies! On the other hand, slow-motion clips and reversed clips NEED rendering to prevent flicker. 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